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Concepts for Planning an Ecologically Sustainable Development .

Ecologically Sustainable Development .

Ecologically Sustainable Development is reliant on the fundamental premise of interdependance of the Society, the Economy and the Environment. In such environmental protection and economic development are mutually reinforcing goals . Safeguarding the welfare of future generations. Providing equity within and between generations. Protecting biological diversity and maintaining essential ecological processes and life support systems.

Protecting restoring and enhancing the quality of the Environment.1. reducing the Risks to human health and preventing the degredation of the environment.2 N.S.W. EPA & POE Act 1991.sect 6.2 Act a) Precautionary principle. b)Intergovernmental Equity c)Conservation of Biological diversity & Ecological integrity. d)Improved Valuation and pricing of enviro resources.

by Means . promoting pollution prevention. -reducing to harmless levels discharge to the air , water or land of substances likely to cause harm. -minimising waste creation. -regulating transport collection treatment and storage of waste. -material use reduction , re-use and recycling and material recovery. -setting mandatory targets for enviro improvements. -Commonwealth State legislation and straight standards controls. -promoting community involvement in environmental matters and decision making. -ensuring community access to relevant information on hazardous substances. -conducting public education and awareness programmes.

Characteristics of a Sustainable Financial System .

3For an Economy to grow sustainably and reach its full employment potential it is necessary ; - that demand grow as rapidly as supply - that debt grow no more rapidly than income - that the price level not fall - that the monetry supply grow about as rapidly as income - that interest , as well as profit and wage income grow no - more rapidly than does total income. - that the degree of inequality in the income distribution not cause the "rich to get richer and the poor to get poorer." - that the mean interest rate equal the growth rate of per Capita income. 3J. Hotson. Policy Provisions .

should incorperate provisions 1. Prohibiting Government from borrowing from Private Banks. 2.Prohibiting Local or National governments borrowing foreign Capital to finance domestic spending. Allowing Foreign borrowing by the private sector for Capital goods repayable through increased Exports. 3. Governments should distinguish between Capital and current expenditures 4. Taxation and Government regulations should be modified to favour equity finance over debt finance.

Policy provisions in ESD would generally shift to revenue neutral "Green Taxes" position and combine with distortionary taxes(Income) to produce desired controls of or disincentives for the so called "Environmental Bads". Rather than current taxation practices and consequent distortion of Economic Goods.

Broad based Energy and environmental Taxation would raise Government Revenues and reduce excessive environmental damages.

The precautionary principle and principle of Fee for service user charges increase efficiency and opperate at opportunity Cost Valuations . Not primarily Contingent valuations which incorperate a disutility component.

Fee for service user charges reduce reliance on property tax levys ESD development would apply such to ; Waste management. Traffic Congestion Energy production. with "pay by the Bag" , tollways & peak period pricing applicable respectively.

Policy makers must define and specify objectives. 4" These objectives may be framed in terms of reaching an acceptable risk level, balancing benefits and costs , or reducing emmissions to a specified level. Meeting the objectives requires a control stratagey that will typically use an array of tools, including laws, regulations and a system of monitoring and enforcement. advocates of incentive based approaches , most notably marketable permits and effluent fees , have tended to focus their energies on the selection of particular means(sometimes called instruments)to meet particular objectives. Once the system of regulation has been put in place, governments , buisnesses, and consumers respond. 4 R.W.Hahn.Oxford Review of economic policy, Vol 9, No.4. Getting More environmental protection for less money; a practitioners guide. American enterprise Institute & Harvard University.

Mechanisms for environmental control

The available Mechanisms for environmental control form two groups A.)Pricing mechanisms. taxes, subsidies/subsidy elimination, Regulated industry marginal cost pricing .

B.)Quantity mechanisms Standards. Performance and Technology. Market. Tradable permits, licencing. Quotas. Market barriers.

5"Related to the idea of marketable permits is the reduction of market barriers that could promote conservation and more efficient resource use."5 R.W.Hahn. ibid.

A National, Regional or Local ESD stratagey faces problems in the current methods of analysis . The Issue being Intergenerational Equity and the Precautionary principle. Cost benefit analysis cannot value the needs of future generations nor does current technical scientific capacity necessarily remain appropriately applicable . ie science is essentially time bound and dependant upon the technological means of the epoch.

Urban environmental policy principles concerning the environment and public health issues -Developing long term stratagies for management in the context of global Sustainable development. -adopting a more cross sectorial approaches in planning and development proposals. Facilitating co-operation and co-ordination within the public sector and between the public and private sector. -Setting and enforcing minimum environmental standards - Increasing the use of renewable resources. -encouraging local initiatives and building local regional capacities, for environmental activity , particularly through retraining.6 OECDpg.11.Environmental Policies for cities in The 1990's. Paris 1990.

FACTORS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT .

Urban Area and its development and rehabilitation. Urban transport. Urban energy. Resouces /waste Management The Development stratagey.

Iinitial investment interest can be attracted by a taxation concession provided by say the initial release of free leasehold industrial lands.

Infrastructural costs will be bourne by the developers in accordance with the development control plans pertaining to the specific precincts of the town or region.

The specific straight line causuality of industrial investment requiring employees , inducing population requiring housing and services is the specific and natural developmental scenario.

Development control plans should be specifically ; rate of return feasible for floor space provision .Purpose zoning will be minimized allowing mixed use development and complex servicing.

Increasingly western technological societies are tending to higher general energy and material consumption . Capacity installed and reserve is of critical importance to long term service provision adequacy.

Linking land use and transportation for transport capacity at least cost promoting reliance on non carbon burning energy source transport systems.

Pedestrian Conveyor 1000-800 ft. 10,000 people (48in) 1.5-2 Mph. Alweg system Monorail 16-20000 persons per hour 50 Mph. 5 mile min

Underground Railway 40,000 persons per hour 20-30 Mph. 2-5 Mile min.

Express Bus 1,450 per hour 60,000 people 35 Mph.

Private cars 200-900 per hour 500-20000 per hour 30 Mph. Bicycles 1-10000 per hour 10-20 Mph.

Precinct proximity and integration of mixed use local planning allows less reliance on costly transportation systems and the utilization of non renewable fuel resources.

The development control Plans should allow for a higher density level of development minimising infrastructure servicing reticulation costs through minimising perimeter developable lands . The demand for low density low serviced land is veritably eliminated.Replaced by a higher density more complexly and comprehensively serviced developable zones containing the fuctional urban elements whilst retaining intact the exising environmental resource.

This stratagey complements upgrades and supplements the 18th,19th and 20th century development of previous planning development .

Adoption of state of the art development technologies in a controlled functionally designed causual development minimising environmental impacts and maximizing economically developable options as a causual function promotes intergrated sustainability.

Environmental and industrial options co-exist in a functional matrix allowing primary and secondary industrial development , consequent residential and service technologies .

Regional servicing can be accomodated by the polis in Industrial Zone Purposes of proposed higher technology waste management processes. Hazardous material handling treatment and storage . Including development of the linkages possible through rail infrastruture.

Structural facilities include fresh water catchment areas and resevoir storage facilities . International communications and trading facilities . Complex social services functions are allocated to the less developable soils zones . Permitting purposes in Sport and Recreation , Health and educational facilities .

Services provision and reticulation is minimised through the concept of higher density developable areas

Allocation of free leasehold lands acts as the instigating investment imputus. Allowing the discount reduction of taxation on capitol.

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL PLANS. The Development control plans : can 1. Require developer contributions for ; Housing Transportation. Preservation. Open space. (Enviromental Protection) Art.

2.Control aspects of Massing and design. including regulations for ; bulk setback. street relationship. density surface.

3. Impose a minimal development fee rate for new construction.

4. Impose a Developable ceiling .

Transferable Development Rights. TDR allow leasehold developers to create capital through tradable development rights. Extending the valuation of available capital stock.

Maximum build-ability is definable as the allowable envelope under height , setback & bulk requirements.

Open space requirements are minimal on developable lots as the major planning controls allocate and emphasise outdoor environmental preservation and provision of natural elements.

For small lots open space provision is met through contributions in the development construction phase.

The major planning emphasis is on outdoor public spaces reserves , parks and plazas’.

Mixed use Commercial and Residential .

encourages the residential population to populate the areas at all hours. Reduces transport and infrastructure requirements and allows the development of lower cost market rents. That is it provides a more efficient allocation of resources at a financially feasible rate of return .The outcomes being more affordable access and longer term equity for the population. Generally increasing available disposable income and general nett social benefit or welfare.

Bonus System Provisions . The mixed use commercial and residential precincts provide an incentive Developable bonus system for provision of Indoor publicly accessible spaces and services. ie Atriums , arcades & gallerias . Social services facilities such as Day care centres , Clinics , Community resources.

Pedestrian access routes and spaces within buildings. Interior Spaces linked to outdoor spaces 1* S.A. generally expanding the public realm.

Environmental preservation and contributions to such. 1* S.A. and finally the provision of public Art enhancing the development & integration of environmental aesthetics to the planning process. 0.4* S.A. generally the Rules and development controls applicable should have carefully stated exception provisions alowing future development and accomodation of unforseable future functions.

Emmissions Control. Generally pollution and emmissions control would be a national policy provision applicable to all regions and applied as an economic instrument.

The economic sustainability section recomends the adoption of the broad based energy consumption “Carbon Tax”. Planning controls attempt in current development to locate industrial areas in sufficient buffer zones and at sufficient density to reduce their cummulative impacts allowing for carbon Sinks and appropriate technical means for waste and discharge management.

Stratagies For Water . 10. ref Australian Planner December 1993. Vol 31 No.2. 1. Localised stormwater disposal at highpoints to disperse infiltration and to maximize the interaction of plants and infiltrating waters.

2. Roadways reduced in size generally orientated along contours for localised runoff and dispersion.

3. Maximised Public Open space with minimized turfed areas and natural grassland or regenerated bushland groundcovers.

4. The Higher density development areas reduce watering demand and localize pollution . with decreased reticulaation of infrastructure including water , sewerage , drainage and stormwater disposal systems.

5. The establishment of integrated catchment management stratagies .

Sustainable Employment . Can be provided by the instigating tax concessional stratagey allowing industrialists , buisnessmen and investors competitive advantage in the market place.It is maintained by the implementation of the Economic sustainability preconditions recommended by Hotson et al and allowed by a facilitatory financial system allocating efficiently resources at least cost. similarly by the adoption of user pays servicing charges and the rationalisation of services provision equitable with demand.

Developeable Industries include environmental servicing. , Waste management, Servicing transport and transport linkages , Engineering , Scientific & technical development generally applicable to all fields .

Pre. Planning . The degree of pre-planning allows for the growth of the stratagey in other localities but is specific in design intent generating capacity to supply demand.

Indicative estimates show that approximately $ 50-70 million of public money would correspond with $0.5 Billion Private Investment over a twenty year development period. 11.Approximation include physical and nonphysical assets for the private sector assuming current development and investment climate and appropriate Fiscal and monetary Measures and should be generally considered as a guestimate at this stage of analysis.The Development period is subject to demand requirements .

The Urban Model . The model then is a Composite cosisting of loosly structured and linked sub-models allowing for the incorperational development of environmental modeling and seperate longer term development within subfields or disciplines concerned with the particular activity. 12. Michael Wagner. Operational Urban Models. Journal of american planning association Vol 60 No.1. Winter 1994.

Models would be seperately developable for employment transport population housing networks economics. environment.

Successive upgrades or variations to the models can be incorperated into the future development and operation of a region.

Provisions.

Non renewable resouce protection provisions are controlled by Price adjustment through unilateral taxation.Secondly the adoption of the principle of Compensation for environmental damages.

Fauna & Flora Conservation.

The esential feature of the conservation of flora and fauna the reinstation of significant amounts of such to perhaps approximate a natural environment is bourne through public ownership of the resource the declaration of reserve areas and the associated regulatory controls on development and the “Carbon Tax” facilitating the direct subsidisation of such work.13. refer WWF. Micheal Rae. Limitations of Private Ownership.

PROPERTY RESOURCE.

n No. of Persons. MB Social Marginal Benefit. AB Private Marginal Benefit. w Money Wage.

entry AB= w for nc persons.

GENERAL ECONOMY. Output @ Q. Employment N . F; denotes Full. Interest r. Prices P Money Wages W1. Money Supply M1. Capital Stock K. Demand D. Supply S.

Initially Is , r, Q(M1, K1) , L(M1, P1) @ N1 , W1/p1 @ Q1. then Investment tax removed .(allocation of free land). therefore; 1. Is to Is2., r1 Constant , Q rise to Q2 output, Employment to N2 , Demand to D2 , w1/P1 & S1 Constant. 2. Q(M1, P1) rise to Q(M2, K2) N rise to N3, D to D3, P to P2 . W rise to W1/P2 , Qrise to Q3, r fall to R3 , Is2 constant L(M2, P1) rise to L(M3 , P2) .

Reference Papers. The Interests Of Australian Buisness In the Trade & Environment Issue. Alan Oxley. International Trade Strategies Melbourne.

Sustainability: A Macro- Economic Perspective. Michael Jacobs. Centre for the Study of Environmental Change.

Allocating Investment Opportunities. The Design of property and Resource- right structures. M.D.Young. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology.

Getting More environmental Protection For Less Money; A Pratitioners Guide. R.W. Hahn . American enterprise Institute & Harvard University.

Acknowledgement; Tasman Institute.

Tasman Institute Pty.Ltd. Tasman Economic Research Pty. Ltd. A.Chisholm. The Author wishes to thank A.Chisholm for his assistance and the Tasman institute for the resouce reference material drawn from their Conference . Economic Wealth ; Conflict or Concorde.

BCG. Canberra. 1994. References; Council on Tall buildings & Urban Habitat. Second Century of he Skyscraper.1988. Von Nostrand Reinhold . New York.

G. Williams. San Franscisco Downtown Plan & The Skyscraper.

J. Heller San Franscisco Downtown Plan ; A Tale of Two Cities

T. Lollini. Tall Buildings Tight Streets.

S. O. Dawson. The Skyscrapers base; Architecture, Landscape & Use in the Dallas Arts District.

Journal of American Planning Association. Vol 60 No.1. winter 1994 M.Wegener. Operational Urban Models.

Town Planning review. Vol 64. No.3 July 1993. M.K.NG. Strategic planning in Hong Kong.

Urban Futures Journal. Vol3. No.4 Vol4. No.1. W.D.Woodhead Economics of Higher Density Housing.

Regional Studies vol 28.No.2 april 1994. R.J.Bennett .C. Krebs. Local Economic Development Partnerships.

International Journal of Urban & Regional Research. Vol 17 No.1 1993. J.Schmid. H. Tieman. H. Kohher. Ulm, The Science city; A new concept for the advancement of industrial innovation & competitiveness.

Australian Planner. Vol 31 No.2. December 1993. D. Heins. Emloyment Decentralization in Canberra.discussion of Sustainable Development within urban areas.

Environmental assesment guidlines for International development Co-Operation in the Agriculture Sector. Activity guidline No.2 1991. AIDAB. Appraisals, Evaluation & Sectoral studies Branch.

Using economic Instruments for Meeting Environmental Objectives. Australias Experience.D.James environmental economic Research paper no.1. Department of Environment Sport & Territories. 6,1993.

Papers.

M. Jacobs. 1.Sustainability; A Macro -Economic Perspective. 2.Economic Instruments Objects or Tools. Centre for the Study of Environmental change. University of Lancaster. U.K. CAG Consultants.

M.D.Young. Allocating Investment Opportunities; the Design of Property & Resource Right Structures. CSIRO Division of Wildlife & Ecology.

A.Oxley. The Interests of Australian buisness in the Trade & Environment Issue. for Council for International Buisness Affairs. International Trade Stratergies (Vic) sept 1993.

R.W. Hahn. getting more environmental protection for less Money A Practitioners guide. American Enterprise institute. Harvard University. Oxford University Press. Oxford Review of Economic Policy United vol 9. No.4.

R.H.Snape. Trade & Multi lateral trade agreements. effects on the Environment. Monash University.

J. Hotson. Financing Sustainable Development.

T.L. Anderson.1.Free Trade & Environmental Quality . Substitutes or Complements. PERC. & Fraser Institute Vancourver B.C. Canada. 2.Enviro Capitalism v's Enviro Socialism. Montana state University.

M.Rae. Limitations of Private Ownership World Wide Fund for Nature . Australia.

B.C.Glover. World Housing Crisis.